Confused pairs
Incorrect answers between two species (undirected). With a country selected, only mix-ups from games in that country are counted, and only pairs where both species are on that country's checklist are shown.
| Species A (lower id) | Species B (higher id) | Total wrong | A was target → picked B | B was target → picked A |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taiga Bean Goose Anser fabalis | Tundra Bean Goose Anser serrirostris | 5 | 2 | 3 |
| Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor | Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Tibetan Sand Plover Anarhynchus atrifrons | Kentish Plover Anarhynchus alexandrinus | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus | Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata | Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni | Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis | Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina | Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Woodlark Lullula arborea | Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris | Common Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus | Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia | Common Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla | European Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica | Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago | Wilson's Snipe Gallinago delicata | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Little Stint Calidris minuta | White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Long-tailed Skua Stercorarius longicaudus | Arctic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus | Laughing Gull Leucophaeus atricilla | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea | Common Tern Sterna hirundo | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Great Shearwater Ardenna gravis | Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus | Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Marsh Tit Poecile palustris | Willow Tit Poecile montanus | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Booted Warbler Iduna caligata | Sykes's Warbler Iduna rama | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Booted Warbler Iduna caligata | Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Sykes's Warbler Iduna rama | Eastern Olivaceous Warbler Iduna pallida | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| River Warbler Locustella fluviatilis | Savi's Warbler Locustella luscinioides | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita | Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus | Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Common Rock Thrush Monticola saxatilis | Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola | Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maurus | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maurus | Amur Stonechat Saxicola stejnegeri | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi | Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis | Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis | Rock Pipit Anthus petrosus | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Common Redpoll Acanthis flammea | Lesser Redpoll Acanthis cabaret | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Lesser Redpoll Acanthis cabaret | Arctic Redpoll Acanthis hornemanni | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Pallas's Reed Bunting Emberiza pallasi | Common Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Greylag Goose Anser anser | Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Greylag Goose Anser anser | Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Taiga Bean Goose Anser fabalis | Goosander Mergus merganser | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Tundra Bean Goose Anser serrirostris | Common Eider Somateria mollissima | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Tundra Bean Goose Anser serrirostris | Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus | Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea | Common Pochard Aythya ferina | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea | Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea | Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna | Smew Mergellus albellus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| American Black Duck Anas rubripes | Eurasian/Green-winged Teal Anas crecca | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Northern Pintail Anas acuta | Greater Scaup Aythya marila | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Greater Scaup Aythya marila | Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri | Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus | Common Eider Somateria mollissima | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Eider Somateria mollissima | Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Mallard Anas platyrhynchos | Common Scoter Melanitta nigra | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eurasian/Green-winged Teal Anas crecca | Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula | Goosander Mergus merganser | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Hazel Grouse Tetrastes bonasia | Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus | Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus | Common Swift Apus apus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo | Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Sandhill Crane Antigone canadensis | Common Crane Grus grus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo | Common Crane Grus grus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| European Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria | American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula | Tibetan Sand Plover Anarhynchus atrifrons | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Tibetan Sand Plover Anarhynchus atrifrons | Greater Sand Plover Anarhynchus leschenaultii | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda | Little Whimbrel Numenius minutus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus | Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus | Little Whimbrel Numenius minutus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica | Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus | Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola | Great Snipe Gallinago media | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Swinhoe's Snipe Gallinago megala | Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus | Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Great Snipe Gallinago media | Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus | Wilson's Snipe Gallinago delicata | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Wilson's Snipe Gallinago delicata | Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus | European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos | Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Redshank Tringa totanus | Razorbill Alca torda | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus | Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Redshank Tringa totanus | Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea | Dunlin Calidris alpina | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis | Sanderling Calidris alba | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis | Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii | White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima | Long-tailed Skua Stercorarius longicaudus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Great Skua Stercorarius skua | Razorbill Alca torda | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Razorbill Alca torda | Common Guillemot Uria aalge | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Little Gull Hydrocoloeus minutus | Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Caspian Gull Larus cachinnans | Herring Gull Larus argentatus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Herring Gull Larus argentatus | Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Caspian Gull Larus cachinnans | Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus | Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus | Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus | Slaty-backed Gull Larus schistisagus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus | Slaty-backed Gull Larus schistisagus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Herring Gull Larus argentatus | Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus | Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica | Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia | European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida | White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida | Common Tern Sterna hirundo | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Great Skua Stercorarius skua | Great Shearwater Ardenna gravis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Purple Heron Ardea purpurea | Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Osprey Pandion haliaetus | Crested Honey-buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus | Crested Honey-buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus | Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus | Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus | Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus | Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina | Black Kite Milvus migrans | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucurus | White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla | Common Buzzard Buteo buteo | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Buzzard Buteo buteo | Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Tawny Owl Strix aluco | Ural Owl Strix uralensis | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Long-eared Owl Asio otus | Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eurasian Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium passerinum | Tengmalm's Owl Aegolius funereus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Long-eared Owl Asio otus | Tengmalm's Owl Aegolius funereus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eurasian Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium passerinum | Grey-headed Woodpecker Picus canus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni | Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus | Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus | Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae | Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Saker Falcon Falco cherrug | Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus | Gyr Falcon Falco rusticolus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae | Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Turkestan Shrike Lanius phoenicuroides | Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Rook Corvus frugilegus | Carrion Crow Corvus corone | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Eurasian Jackdaw Coloeus monedula | Common Raven Corvus corax | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eurasian Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus | Azure Tit Cyanistes cyanus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla | Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Calandra Lark Melanocorypha calandra | Woodlark Lullula arborea | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla | White-winged Lark Alauda leucoptera | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Paddyfield Warbler Acrocephalus agricola | Common Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus | Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus | Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Turkestan Shrike Lanius phoenicuroides | Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Western Bonelli's Warbler Phylloscopus bonelli | Eastern Bonelli's Warbler Phylloscopus orientalis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus | Hume's Warbler Phylloscopus humei | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus | Two-barred Warbler Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus | Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus | Eastern Crowned Warbler Phylloscopus coronatus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides | Kamchatka Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus examinandus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Two-barred Warbler Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus | Kamchatka Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus examinandus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides | Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis | Kamchatka Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus examinandus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Lesser Whitethroat Curruca curruca | Common Whitethroat Curruca communis | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Lesser Whitethroat Curruca curruca | Eastern Subalpine Warbler Curruca cantillans | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris | Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus | Song Thrush Turdus philomelos | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius | Redwing Turdus iliacus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Redwing Turdus iliacus | Fieldfare Turdus pilaris | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Fieldfare Turdus pilaris | Brambling Fringilla montifringilla | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Rufous-tailed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas galactotes | Common Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Rufous-tailed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas galactotes | Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia | Bluethroat Luscinia svecica | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Bluethroat Luscinia svecica | Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus | Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus | Common Redpoll Acanthis flammea | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| European Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca | Whinchat Saxicola rubetra | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Whinchat Saxicola rubetra | European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola | Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola | Amur Stonechat Saxicola stejnegeri | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius | Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe | Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina | Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti | Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eastern Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe melanoleuca | Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea | Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis | Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi | Blyth's Pipit Anthus godlewskii | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Rufous-tailed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas galactotes | Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis | Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni | Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus | Eurasian Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Trumpeter Finch Bucanetes githagineus | European Greenfinch Chloris chloris | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Twite Linaria flavirostris | Common Linnet Linaria cannabina | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Linnet Linaria cannabina | Common Redpoll Acanthis flammea | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Parrot Crossbill Loxia pytyopsittacus | Common Crossbill Loxia curvirostra | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| European Serin Serinus serinus | Eurasian Siskin Spinus spinus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Black-headed Bunting Emberiza melanocephala | Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus | Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella | Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus | Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Chestnut Bunting Emberiza rutila | Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca | 1 | 0 | 1 |