Sandwich Tern vs Royal Tern

In short

The Sandwich Tern and Royal Tern can be distinguished by their bill color and size. The Sandwich Tern typically has a black bill with a yellow tip, while the Royal Tern has an orange-red bill. Royal Terns are generally larger and more robust than Sandwich Terns.

Identification tips

• Bill color: Look for the black bill with a yellow tip on Sandwich Terns versus the orange-red bill on Royal Terns.
• Size: Note the larger size and more robust build of Royal Terns.
• Vocalization: Listen for the noisier calls of Royal Terns in mixed colonies.

Size

Royal Terns are larger and more robust than Sandwich Terns.

Plumage

Sandwich Terns have a black bill with a yellow tip, whereas Royal Terns have an orange-red bill. Both species have a similar white body and black cap during breeding season.

Behaviour

Both species are social and often found in mixed colonies, but Royal Terns are particularly noisy and conspicuous.

Habitat

Both species nest in similar coastal habitats, often on barrier islands. Sandwich Terns are more likely to be found in dense groups among other tern species.

Voice

Royal Terns are typically noisier than Sandwich Terns, which may help in distinguishing them in mixed colonies.